12D1 Geography
Tuesday 26 February 2013
Wednesday 13 February 2013
Dark tourism
Dark tourism (also black tourism or thanatourism) is tourism involving travel to sites associated with death and tragedy. "Dark tourism is the act of travel and visitation to sites, attractions and exhibitions which have real or recreated death, suffering or the seemingly macabre as a main theme" (Stone P.R, 2005). It is becoming widely recognised as a tourism niche for both tourism academia and practitioners.
The origin of dark tourist may be dated back to the dark ages of Europe, when priests would go to cemeteries and religious martyrdom sites, in order to mourn. The battle of Waterloo in 1815 site and the first United States Manassas became the first dark tourism attraction.
Dharavi Slum in Mumbai, Devil's Island in French Guiana and Ground Zero, New York City are three of the most well-known dark tourism sites. The London Dungeon is another good example of attraction. It remakes different gory and macabre historical events in a gallows humor style aimed at younger audiences.
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Cruise Tourism - A.Axon
Definition: Going on a ship which is on a predetermined course usually coming back to the original port via other ports and places. It is genreally a package holiday.
The ships amenities and the destinations on the way are the experiences which the tourist is looking for. Some Cruises do not come back to the original place.
2011: Accounts for $29.4 billion
19 million passengers worldwide
over 1.8 million UK passengers in 2009
Since 1990, the industry has had an average annual passenger growth rate of 7.4% per annum.
History
First cruise had 241 passengers and went from Augusta Victoria in the Mediterranean - 1891
Titanic - 1912 - 2435 passengers
Jet Age - Overall decrease on cruise tourism as more people used planes
1980 - a slow increase rate due to the start of 'mega ships'.
2001 - 9 ships added each year or more
average growth of 9% per year due to the price coming down as well the amenities increasing, with destinations becoming more interesting.
Examples:
Currently the five largest cruise line operators in the world are Carnival Corporation & plc, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., Star Cruises (which owns 50% of Norwegian Cruise Line, NCL in its own right is the third largest line), MSC Cruises, and Louis Cruise Lines. Louis Cruises has largerly grown its fleet through purchasing older second- or third-hand ships, while the other four operators have largely constructed their own vessels and combined own the majority of the "megaships".
Initially the growth and development of cruising was
centered around the
Caribbean, Alaska and Mexico, butnow encompasses all areas of the globe .• Today the market for building cruise ships is dominated
by three European shipyards (in Italy, Germany and
Scandinavia)
• In 2008 the main region for cruising was North
America (nearly 70% of cruises), where the Caribbean
islands were the most popular destinations. Next wasContinental Europe (13%). Most European routes were in
the Mediterranean Sea
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Sports tourism
Since the late 1980s, sports tourism has become increasingly popular. Events such as rugby, Olympics and football World Cups have enabled specialist travel companies to gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that include flights, hotels and excursions. Sport tourism is defined as travel undertaken for the purpose of engaging in a particular sport, such as skiing or golf, or to watch a favourite team play.
The growth of big sport events is a reason for the growth of sport tourism due to large sporting events becoming more and more commercialised. This results in there being a larger demand to go and watch these events, these events sometimes do not take place in the persons own country leading to tourism. As these events becoming more globalised and commercialised this has led to the growth of sport tourism, as people from further afield travel to these events
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Religious Tourism
Tuesday 12 February 2013
Eco Tourism
Sports Tourism
Definition: travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes; all of which are related to sport.
Since the late 1980s, sports tourism has become increasingly popular. Events such as rugby, Olympics, Commonwealth games, Asian Games and football World Cups have enabled specialist travel companies to gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that include flights, hotels and excursions.
The focus on sport and spreading knowledge on the subject, especially more so recently, lead to the increase in the sport tourism. Most notably, the international event such as the Olympics caused a shift in focus in the audience who now realize the variety of sports that exist in the world. In the United States, one of the most popular sports that usually are focused on was Football. This popularity was increased through major events like the World Cups. In Asian countries, the numerous football events also increased the popularity of football. But, it was the Olympics that brought together the different sports that lead to the increase in sport tourism. The drastic interest increase in sports in general and not just one sport caught the attention of travel companies, who then began to sell flights in packages.
Example: in the recent London 2012 Olympic games an all-time monthly record was set in August of £2.38 billion in tourism revenue - average spending of over £1,000 per second. The typical visitor who attended at least one Olympic event spent twice as much as someone who avoided the Games.
J. Skirrow
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This message has been sent through the Bedford School email Server, and is intended for the addressee(s) only. If you have received this message in error, please contact the sender, or administrator@bedfordschool.org.uk, and delete the email. The views expressed are the views of the sender, and not necessarily the views of the School. The information in this message may be confidential and should not be read, copied, or otherwise distributed unless permission is given. Bedford School is part of The Harpur Trust: a company limited by guarantee. Registered in England: Company No. 3475202. Registered Office: Pilgrim Centre, Brickhill Drive, Bedford, MK41 7PZ. Registered Charity No. 1066861
Monday 11 February 2013
In 2010:
- Around 60,000 UK patients travelled abroad in total. The breakdown was something like this:
- 25,000 cosmetic surgery patients (41%) o 19,000 dental patients (32%)
- 5,300 for obesity surgery (9%)
- 2,700 infertility treatment. (4.5%)
2010: 63,000 outbound: UK
2010: 52,000 inbound: UK
The worldwide recession has impacted on both inbound and outbound medical travel. Although there is economic pressure on UK patients to minimise their expenditure on discretionary healthcare (e.g. dentistry and cosmetic surgery), this has not driven a greater proportion to seek low cost treatment abroad. People have been delaying treatment whether it is in the UK or overseas. . Dental tourism providers in Europe who service UK patients report that patient numbers dropped by around 30% in 2009/10.
Factors that will encourage growth in medical tourism worldwide:
- The pressure on healthcare resources in developed countries as a result of the global recession and bailing out of failing banks. For example, in the UK, public sector net debt, expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), was at a high of 60.1 per cent at the end of April 2011. Following significant investment on the NHS in recent years, public sector spending will have to fall and the NHS will bear the brunt of this.
- The pressure on healthcare resources in developed countries as a result of demographic changes. People live longer....they will need more healthcare. And the state will not be able to fund this.
- The improved quality of care in other countries. Other countries are catching up with the developed countries in terms of quality of care and access to medical technology.
- Doctor mobility. Doctors are much more flexible in where they work.
- Insurance products that provide low cost insurance based on treatment abroad will appear in the developed countries.
Cosmetic surgery
- Cosmetic surgery is becoming "acceptable". The number of UK operations grew last year by 30%. TV/media have popularised the "makeover".
- Overseas prices make cosmetic surgery affordable for lower income groups.
- Some people want to have cosmetic surgery and keep it secret. They go abroad, have surgery, then take a holiday before they come back.
Dentistry
- Reduction in "free" NHS dentistry.
- High prices for private dentistry.
- Increasing popularity of cosmetic dentistry.
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Cruise Holiday
Definition
To take a holiday on a ship or boat following a predetermined course, usually calling in at several places.
Information on its development and examples
Currently, the cruise industry is the fastest growing leisure sector, with an average growth of 9% per year. The passenger Shipping Association (PSA) say that numbers have doubled in the last 10 years, with over 1.8 million UK passengers in 2009 and this trend showing signs of continued growth. Clearly from these figures, more and more tourists from the UK are choosing to have a holiday on a cruise ship.
The Mediterranean area and the islands in the western Atlantic, such as the Canaries and the Azores are the most popular destinations for cruise holidays for UK tourists.
Many people take the opportunity to fly from the United Kingdom to meet their ship at a Mediterranean port. This is known as a fly-cruise. About 40% of cruise passengers start their journey at a British port, whereas 60% opt for a fly-cruise. Southampton is the most popular port for beginning a cruise holiday from the United Kingdom.
In recent years cruising has become fashionable, with more people being able to afford this type of holiday. In the past cruising was seen as expensive and 'up-market' with the need to dress formally for dinner. Some tourists still like the 'up-market' feel of a cruise ship and enjoy the high quality service.
However, more recently the cruise companies have provided a range of different options so that people can choose the type of programme that meets their needs. For example, many cruises now cater for families. It is expected that more and more younger people will start to take cruise holidays in the near future.
T.Garratt
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Thursday 7 February 2013
Arid Environments
Sahara Desert Greening Due to Climate Change?
Scientists are seeing signals that the Sahara desert and surrounding regions are greening due to increasing rainfall. If sustained, these rains could revitalize drought-ravaged regions, allowing farming communities to return. This trend is supported by climate models, which predict a return to conditions that turned the Sahara into a lush Savanna some 12,000 years ago.
The green shoots of recovery are showing up on satellite images of regions including the Sahel, a semi-desert zone bordering the Sahara to the south that stretches some 2,400 miles. Images taken between 1982 and 2002 large regreening throughout the Sahel.The study suggests huge increases in vegetation in areas including central Chad and western Sudan
Zac Carter
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Wednesday 6 February 2013
China holds workshop on anti-desertification efforts.
H.Mok
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Australia's Arid Environments
Sustainable land use
- Indigenous cultural and subsistence activities
- conservation
- tourism
- mining
- harvesting of wild animals and plant products
- small-area intensive industries such as horticulture.
Ecological challenges
Australia
B.Thrasher
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Sustainable Management Of Water Resources In Arid Environments
http://www.ameinfo.com/4941.html
P.Ramsbotham
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The development of the new Lanzhou city
G.Cox
Chile agree to a 100MW Photovoltaic Plant in the Atacama Desert
C.Thurston
Desert diversity cut by 'human activities'
Scientists have discovered that humans might be damaging desert ecosystems across the world according to a new study, for example in the Monte desert in Argentina. . The results were published in the journal of arid environments which showed that humans are particular effecting mammal communities due to overgrazing livestock. This has resulted in diversity decreasing and local extinctions occurring. The results were from 25 studies including a total of110 species. As well as over grazing, Poaching, logging, grazing, fires and introduction of new species
Desert diversity cut by 'human activities'
Nigeria: Taming the Sahara Desert
The Nigeria Society of Engineers (NSE) has begun attempting to slow sand encroachment form the Sahara in order to prevent, about 350,000 hectares of land being lost to desert encroachment. The NSE are looking at what will help slow the encroachment alongide the existing technology of plating trees like the Neem and Eucalyptus. It will be a private sector funded project with huge economic and environmental prospects.
This fits in with section 3 of the course as it is how development can provide opportunities.
http://allafrica.com/stories/201302020140.html
O.Lyons
Tuesday 5 February 2013
Wadi Attir Beduin eco-village ready for active stage - James Skirrow
The project aims to establish an ecological farm that can become "a model for sustainable, community-based agricultural enterprise" in an arid environment, introducing both fauna and flora to the area as well as renewable energy.
Not only is the eco-village showing a sustainable way of farming in an arid environment it is also offering education and jobs for the 10,000 Bedouin lives from the surrounding towns in the area. The scheme intends on keeping cultural existence through the development; with the beauty of the project being its ability to bring prosperity, be it for sheep herders or for women developing indigenous cosmetics (sourced from the link below).
All this information links into sustainable management giving a clear example of what is being done in an arid environment.
Link: http://www.jpost.com/Sci-Tech/Article.aspx?id=301757
J.Skirrow
Arid Envionments - Desert Problems/Solution
http://environment.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment/habitats/desert-threats/
A.Axon